Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Structural linguistic analysis, one of the first approaches of new criticism, studies the text by using data from the science of linguistics, regardless of any hypertext elements. Such an approach was first used in the analyses of Russian formalists, in particular Jacobsen, and then in the studies of various Structuralists. According to Structuralists, a literary text is composed of, first and foremost, a set of special linguistic phenomena that distinguish it from other texts; this distinction can be seen at all Structural levels of the text. This article aims to examine the poem "Smoke is Rising" by Sohrab Sepehri, a Persian poet whose poems are a reflection of the elements of the school of Romanticism, by making use of Jacobsen's theories. According to Jacobsen's method, Structural elements of the poem are described on three levels: phonetic, lexical, and syntactic. A careful reading on this basis leads us to understand the hidden network of meaning in the poem. In fact, the purpose of this article is to answer questions such as how linguistic functions in the geometric form of poetry are effective in conveying meanings and how the system of words governing the external structures of the poem contain concepts related to the mood and the main theme of the poem. A study of phonetic, grammatical, and lexical-semantic elements shows that the hidden layers of meaning are closely related to the form of poetry, and play a role in the creation of beauty.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the obstacles to the implementation of school-based management in Iran's educational system based on the interpretive Structural modeling approach. The research method was a modeling study. The statistical population of the research was specifically the academic staff members of the university, 25 of whom were purposefully selected from the desired cases. The data collection tool was a researcher-made self-interactive questionnaire. In order to measure and evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, the criterion of content validity was used. The content validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The data analysis was done with interpretive Structural modeling method. The results of the research showed that 9 factors play a role as barriers to school-oriented management. Also, the results showed that financial obstacles (the cost of school-oriented management), socio-cultural obstacles and political obstacles (political focus on schools by the central government) as key independent variables have high influence power and low dependence. Also, the results showed that the lack of belief in the professional competence of school administrators, the lack of infrastructure facilities, the emphasis of upper management on the supervision and control of schools, and the lack of cooperation of local communities with school-based management as the linking variables with the greatest power of influence and the greatest power of dependence. and the centralism in the education system of the country and the lack of legal powers to school managers and staff as dependent variables have high dependency power and low influence power.

One of the importantfactors in the emergence of a literary style is deviation and its frequency in a literary work, leading to its elegance and prominence. Employing new stylistic methods for analyzing literary texts could open new doors to a more accurate perception of such texts. Examining the kinds of deviation is one of the latest methods of stylistic examination of texts which explores the text through all of its linguistic, literary, and semantic layers. In this essay, the sonnets of Attar Neyshabouri have been examined and undergone a descriptive-statistical analysis on Structural deviation according to Geoffrey Leech’s (1969) linguistic perspective. The statistical analysis of various aspects of phonetic and lexical deviation in the first 200 sonnets of Attar-E-Neyshabouri’s divan showed the high frequency of newly created Sufist compositions in Attar’s sonnets, which is one of the stylistic prominence of his sonnets. This high frequency shows that Attar was a poet devoted to mystic values and principles. The results also indicates that phonetic deviations, particularly methods such as “omission and reduction in the structure of words, ” are used more than other phonetic elements in Attar’s poems due to the melodic necessity and metric limitations. Furthermore, Attar has expressed a significant portion of his desired mystic themes and experiences in newly created compositions with a Sufist approach. Compositions constructed by Attar’s Sufist mind and language and have never been used in any Sufist text, whether poem or prose, before him. Only 20 percent of these compositions have gone beyond Attar’s lyrics and become his legacy throughout the poetry of Sufist poets coming after him. The rest of these newly created compositions has remained irreplaceable in Attar’s poems. Methods such as “omission and reduction” have the most frequency compared to other phonetic methods. It should be noted that the “reduction” phonetic method is more conspicuous than “omission” in its lexical diversity. Another Attar’s stylistic features that has a high frequency in his sonnets (75 words and compositions) is lexical deviation as well as new and creative words and compositions. This, aligned with Attar’s sonnets, has led to prominence and defamiliarization in his poems and has expressed Attar’s Sufist thoughts in a softer and more literary way. Giving life to new compositions using his power of imagination and mystic worldview has placed Attar among the pioneers of creating mystic compositions and expressions. This could be divided into compound compositions, newly created derived words, and new Sufist compositions in his sonnets. New and invented Sufist compositions comprise 90 percent of the whole terms and compositions. The poet sometimes has attempted to create a word or composition which he used only once. More than 77 percent of the lexical deviation and newly created compositions in Attar’s sonnets belong to inventive words and compositions not found in any other poet’s works. These are among Attar’s innovations in Sufist compositions that no one after him did it again.

This article focuses on the linguistic and semiotic dimensions of Sohrab Sepehri's poem To the Garden of Companions, analyzed from the perspective of Peircean semiotics. The main aim of the study is to examine the interaction of linguistic structures and signs in this poem at three levels: iconic, indexical, and symbolic, to illuminate how the connection between language, humanity, and nature, along with philosophical and spiritual concepts, is represented. The research method is descriptive-analytical, emphasizing the role of the system of signs in generating textual meaning. The findings reveal that iconic images such as “lush greenery” and “anemones,” besides reflecting sensory and visual characteristics, carry complex semantic layers that convey the poet's inner and spiritual experiences to the audience. At the indexical level, signs like “fountain hands” and “rain and desert” use causal and temporal links to depict Sepehri’s lived experiences and their relationship with natural elements and the passage of time. Finally, at the symbolic level, images such as “the word in the line of silence” represent transcending linguistic limitations and the search for deeper meaning. The semiotic analysis of this poem shows that Sepehri, by blending different semiotic levels and leveraging linguistic potentials, has created a multi-layered and thought-provoking piece that, in addition to its visual and linguistic beauty, represents themes such as the spiritual bond between humans and nature, the philosophy of love, and the pursuit of existential truth. Introduction The article situates Charles Sanders Peirce’s triadic model of semiotics—comprising icons, indices, and symbols—as a key theoretical framework for analyzing literary texts. This model provides a comprehensive explanation of how signs interact with meanings, enabling them to reflect human experiences through both linguistic and non-linguistic systems. From this perspective, poetry transcends its aesthetic form and becomes a rich and intricate system of signs, capable of unveiling profound and layered meanings. By employing Peirce’s semiotic approach, the article seeks to explore the ways in which Sohrab Sepehri’s poem integrates aesthetic, philosophical, and linguistic dimensions, offering insights into its deeper conceptual layers. Peirce’s semiotic theory emphasizes the dynamic relationship between the sign, its object, and its interpretant, making it particularly effective for analyzing literary works that are inherently multi-dimensional. Poetry, with its reliance on metaphor, imagery, and symbolism, serves as an ideal subject for such an analysis. Through this lens, the article examines how Sepehri’s poetic structures and signs are interwoven to convey a complex interplay of meaning, reflecting his engagement with universal themes such as spirituality, humanity, and the natural world. While Sohrab Sepehri’s poetry has been extensively studied within Persian literary scholarship, the application of Peirce’s semiotics to his work remains relatively unexplored. Most prior studies have focused on thematic, stylistic, or mystical interpretations of his poems, leaving a gap in understanding the semiotic underpinnings of his imagery and linguistic constructs. Analyzing Sepehri’s poetic images through Peirce’s triadic model not only reveals their aesthetic appeal but also uncovers their potential to communicate profound philosophical and spiritual ideas. This article aims to bridge this gap by offering a detailed and systematic exploration of the semiotic dimensions of Sepehri’s poem To the Garden of Fellow Travelers. By addressing these aspects, the research highlights the unique way in which Sepehri uses language and imagery to transcend the limitations of conventional expression. His poetry becomes a medium through which the interconnectedness of language, nature, and human experience is expressed, underscoring his philosophical worldview. This detailed examination not only contributes to a deeper understanding of Sepehri’s work but also underscores the broader applicability of Peirce’s semiotic framework in contemporary literary analysis. Literature Review The article reviews studies in Persian literature employing Peirce’s semiotics, noting that most have focused on classical Persian texts, such as mystical and epic works, with limited attention to contemporary Iranian poetry. Researchers like Mirbaqeri-Fard and Najafi (2009) and Heydari (2014, 2016) have applied Peirce’s model to analyze mystical and narrative elements in classical texts. Studies by Sobhani and Veysi (2022) have examined natural elements in Sepehri’s poetry, though with different methodologies. This study contributes by applying Peirce’s framework to contemporary Persian poetry, specifically Sepehri’s work. Methodology The study employs a descriptive-analytical method grounded in Peirce’s semiotics. It identifies and interprets iconic, indexical, and symbolic signs in Sepehri’s poem. Iconic analysis focuses on sensory connections, indexical analysis explores causal relationships, and symbolic analysis uncovers metaphorical and conceptual meanings. This approach highlights Sepehri’s spiritual, philosophical, and existential experiences, emphasizing the interconnectedness of humans, nature, and meaning. Discussion The discussion analyzes the poem through Peirce’s three semiotic levels: Iconic analysis: Iconic images like "verdure," "poppy," and "the hands of the fountain" are analyzed for their sensory qualities and deeper meanings. For instance, "verdure" symbolizes life and growth, while "poppy" signifies warmth and resilience. Indexical analysis: Indexical signs such as "rain and desert" and "the surface of the concrete century" highlight causal and temporal connections. These signs link Sepehri’s personal experiences to broader themes like time, nature, and modernity. For example, the contrast between natural cycles and industrial time underscores Sepehri’s critique of modernity. Symbolic analysis: Symbolic signs, including "a word in the silent line" and "the descent of the pear," carry cultural and spiritual meanings. These symbols transcend literal interpretations, pointing to existential and metaphysical truths. For instance, "the descent of the pear" represents the purity of nature contrasted with industrialization. The interrelations between these levels contribute to the poem’s overall meaning. The iconic, indexical, and symbolic layers create a multi-dimensional narrative reflecting Sepehri’s philosophical and spiritual concerns. Conclusion Sepehri’s poem "To the Garden of Fellow Travelers" explores the relationship between humans, nature, and existential meaning. By employing iconic, indexical, and symbolic signs, Sepehri crafts a multi-layered poetic experience that transcends aesthetic beauty. The poem invites readers to reflect on themes like the passage of time, the spiritual bond between humans and nature, and the search for deeper truths in a modern world. Using Peirce’s semiotic framework, the study reveals how Sepehri communicates complex ideas, enriching contemporary Persian literature.

The paper is devoted to examining Stanley and Williamson’s well-known and disputed argument in favor of intellectualism about knowledge-how. In the first section, I will give an overview of the linguistic argument. The gist of the argument is that knowledge-how is a kind of knowledge-that because ascriptions of knowledge-how entail ascriptions of knowledge-that. Section 2 will focus on cross-linguistic data that Stanley and Williamson’s opponents employ to challenge their argument. In particular, I will take a look at ascriptions of practical knowledge in various languages such as French, Latin, Greek, German, Turkish, and Russian. As critics have shown, the ascriptions of practical knowledge in these languages are inconsistent with Stanley and Williamson’s syntactic and semantic analysis of ascriptions of knowledge-how in English. In section 3, I will examine Stanley and Williamson’s argument based on the ascriptions of practical knowledge in Persian. In light of this analysis, it will be clear that, despite appearances to the contrary, the data from Persian is fully consistent with Stanley and Williamson’s argument. Another conclusion which can be drawn from the analysis is the tentative suggestion that there is a methodological gap in the literature on cross-linguistic data in this debate. In particular, the debate has focused on the synchronic analysis and widely ignored the diachronic method of examination and explanation

The city's regeneration is one of the strategies that lead to urban deterioration and inefficient textures towards revitalization. Using systems thinking on the subject of reinvention can lead to the identification of complex systems that are considered effective in producing and reproducing worn-out textures. In this regard, this study was to benefit from a systemic approach in identifying the the roots of the production and reproduction of historical/worn-out textures in Semnan city. The leading research is among the applied research, and in terms of information and data analysis, it uses the descriptive-analytical method. The tool for collecting information is also in documents and surveys. The statistical population of the research was 18 university professors, experts, and officials familiar with the urban fabric of Semnan, who were selected by the snowball method. In the end, using experts' opinions, 24 variables were selected as effective drivers of Semnan's production-reproduction system of worn tissue. MicMac software was used for Structural-interpretive analysis of variables. The results show that the rules and regulations governing the regeneration of the studied area are the most important and effective factors. Also, the special ownership conditions governing barren, ruined, and ruined lands have caused the private sector to have no incentive to invest in this area and reproduce the existing conditions. With the continuation of the current process, the existing situation is reproduced. Breaking this round of the reproduction process requires a constructive look at the target neighborhoods from the city administration and government agencies, which can provide the basis for the presence of private sector investors in these neighborhoods

Absenteeism or backbiting is a social phenomenon as it involves the abuse of unequal conditions in interactions; it is a Cognitive phenomenon as it involves the interference with the process of understanding and mind control. And a discursive phenomenon as the language is the field of its representation. In this research we present discursal analyses of this phenomenon through “ move analyses” and exhibit the pattern(s) of text order according to Biber, Connor & Upton (2007) and Sasani and Yazdani (1392). For this purpose 16 case of backbiting being occurred during larger verbal events were analyzed. We also show how backbiter uses manipulation strategy to interfere with the hearer cognition so to achieve his goal. Move analyses shows that backbiting consists of 6 main moves each of which has its own strategies.

The careful selection and proper use of lexical elements is the distinguishing feature of the Holy Quran. These elements are classified as subsets of semiotics and each of them play their role within the context of a Surah and topics that it covers. For example In Luqman surah topics such as monotheism, polytheism, atheism, prayer and the Day of Resurrection are discussed by different methods such as interrogative, vocative, elimination, citation, repetition etc. In this article this surah is reviewed according to the artistic and stylistic linguistics methods which are considered as subjects of linguistics. At first the semantic value and semiotic dimensions and the composition and expression as well as aesthetic value and the level of literary influence has been studied. Furthermore a literary style has been studied that despite violating the linguistic principles it has its own language coherence and grammatical syntax mechanism. The result of this study shows that the letters extensively fit with conceptual and diacritical context of the surah and demonstrates the audial value of this Qur'anic text.